Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) is a widespread gastrointestinal disorder caused by excessive gastric acid secretion, Helicobacter pylori infection, and prolonged use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Although current pharmacological therapies have improved disease management, conventional drug delivery systems still present major limitations, including poor stability in acidic environments, rapid degradation, reduced oral bioavailability, and the requirement for frequent dosing. Rabeprazole is a commonly prescribed proton pump inhibitor that effectively suppresses gastric acid secretion and facilitates ulcer healing. However, its therapeutic efficiency is significantly compromised due to its acid-labile nature and short biological half-life. To address these limitations, advanced drug delivery strategies emphasizing targeted and controlled release have gained increasing attention. Nanosponges, a novel class of nanoporous, cross-linked polymeric carriers, have emerged as a promising platform for improving drug delivery performance. Their unique porous architecture enables efficient encapsulation of Rabeprazole, protecting it from acidic degradation while allowing sustained and controlled release of the drug over extended periods. Recent studies demonstrate that Rabeprazole-loaded nanosponges significantly enhance drug stability, improve bioavailability, prolong therapeutic action, and reduce dosing frequency. Furthermore, their potential for site-specific gastric delivery minimizes systemic exposure and associated adverse effects. This innovative system represents a significant advancement in antiulcer therapy. Future research focusing on large-scale production, clinical validation, and regulatory approval will be essential to fully translate nanosponge-based delivery systems into effective and reliable clinical applications.