Chronic inflammatory disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and asthma are major contributors to global morbidity, characterized by persistent immune activation, oxidative stress, and progressive tissue damage. Despite advances in pharmacotherapy, conventional anti-inflammatory agents including nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and corticosteroids are associated with significant limitations such as gastrointestinal toxicity, immunosuppression, and lack of long-term disease-modifying effects. These challenges have prompted increasing interest in plant-derived therapeutics with improved safety and multi-target mechanisms of action. Boswellia serrata, commonly known as Indian frankincense, is a well-recognized medicinal plant in Ayurvedic medicine traditionally used to treat inflammatory conditions. Its therapeutic potential is largely attributed to boswellic acids, particularly 3-O-acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid (AKBA), which exhibits potent biological activity. Extensive studies have demonstrated that these bioactive compounds possess significant anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and anti-arthritic effects. Mechanistically, boswellic acids inhibit 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX), leading to reduced leukotriene synthesis, and suppress pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, and interleukin-6 via modulation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathways. Furthermore, Boswellia serrata exhibits antioxidant properties that help mitigate oxidative stress and protect cellular components. Recent advances in formulation strategies, including nanoparticles and phytosome-based delivery systems, have improved the bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy of boswellic acids. Overall, Boswellia serrata represents a promising natural therapeutic agent for chronic inflammatory disorders. However, further well-designed clinical trials and standardized formulations are essential to validate its safety, efficacy, and clinical applicability.