Chronic inflammatory disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and asthma are major contributors to global morbidity, characterized by persistent immune activation, oxidative stress, and progressive tissue damage. Despite advances in pharmacotherapy, conventional anti-inflammatory agents including nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and corticosteroids are associated with significant limitations such as gastrointestinal toxicity, immunosuppression, and lack of long-term disease-modifying effects. These challenges have prompted increasing interest in plant-derived therapeutics with improved safety and multi-target mechanisms of action. Boswellia serrata, commonly known as Indian frankincense, is a well-recognized medicinal plant in Ayurvedic medicine traditionally used to treat inflammatory conditions. Its therapeutic potential is largely attributed to boswellic acids, particularly 3-O-acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid (AKBA), which exhibits potent biological activity. Extensive studies have demonstrated that these bioactive compounds possess significant anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and anti-arthritic effects. Mechanistically, boswellic acids inhibit 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX), leading to reduced leukotriene synthesis, and suppress pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, and interleukin-6 via modulation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathways. Furthermore, Boswellia serrata exhibits antioxidant properties that help mitigate oxidative stress and protect cellular components. Recent advances in formulation strategies, including nanoparticles and phytosome-based delivery systems, have improved the bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy of boswellic acids. Overall, Boswellia serrata represents a promising natural therapeutic agent for chronic inflammatory disorders. However, further well-designed clinical trials and standardized formulations are essential to validate its safety, efficacy, and clinical applicability.

Glaucoma is a chronic ocular disorder characterized by elevated intraocular pressure (IOP), leading to progressive optic nerve damage and irreversible vision loss. Pilocarpine, a well-established cholinergic agent, lowers IOP by enhancing aqueous humor outflow; however, its conventional ocular delivery is limited by poor corneal permeability, rapid precorneal elimination, and the need for frequent dosing. These limitations significantly reduce therapeutic efficacy and patient compliance. To overcome these challenges, niosomal gel-based ocular drug delivery systems have emerged as an innovative and effective strategy. Niosomes are non-ionic surfactant-based vesicular carriers capable of encapsulating drugs and providing sustained release, improved stability, and enhanced penetration across ocular barriers. When incorporated into gel systems, they further increase precorneal residence time, reduce drug drainage, and allow prolonged drug–cornea interaction. This dual delivery approach enhances bioavailability, minimizes dosing frequency, and improves patient compliance. Additionally, niosomal gels can be engineered using biocompatible polymers to achieve controlled and targeted drug delivery with minimal irritation. This review highlights recent advances in formulation strategies, preparation methods, characterization parameters, and in vitro and in vivo evaluation of niosomal gel systems for pilocarpine delivery. Furthermore, it discusses therapeutic advantages, limitations, and future perspectives, including the development of stimuli-responsive and targeted systems. Overall, niosomal gel-based delivery represents a promising approach for improving the efficacy and safety of glaucoma therapy. Such systems may also reduce systemic exposure, enhance ocular retention, and support sustained pharmacological action over extended periods, thereby offering a more reliable and patient-friendly therapeutic alternative for long-term glaucoma management and improved clinical outcomes overall.

Dermatophyte infections are superficial fungal infections that affect keratin-rich tissues such as the skin, hair, and nails, and are primarily caused by dermatophyte species including Trichophyton, Microsporum, and Epidermophyton. These infections, commonly referred to as ringworm, athlete’s foot, and jock itch, are highly prevalent worldwide, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions, and are often associated with itching, inflammation, and recurrent infections. Conventional antifungal therapies are widely used for treatment; however, their prolonged use may lead to adverse effects, drug resistance, high treatment costs, and reduced patient compliance. These limitations have increased the demand for safer, cost-effective, and plant-based therapeutic alternatives for the management of dermatophyte infections. Azadirachta indica (Neem) is a well-known medicinal plant widely used in traditional systems of medicine for the treatment of various skin diseases and infections. Neem leaves are rich in bioactive phytochemicals such as nimbidin, nimbin, azadirachtin, nimbolide, quercetin, flavonoids, tannins, and terpenoids, which contribute to its multiple pharmacological activities. Scientific studies have reported that neem leaf extract possesses significant antifungal activity against dermatophytes, along with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties that help in reducing fungal growth, inflammation, and oxidative stress, thereby promoting skin healing and infection control. Furthermore, neem-based topical formulations such as gels, creams, and ointments have shown enhanced therapeutic efficacy in dermatological applications. However, further studies on extract standardization, toxicity evaluation, and clinical trials are required to establish its therapeutic potential.

Inflammation, while essential for host defense, becomes a driving force behind a wide spectrum of chronic disorders when dysregulated, including arthritis, cardiovascular diseases, metabolic syndrome, and neurodegeneration. Conventional anti-inflammatory therapies, though effective, are often constrained by adverse effects, drug resistance, and limited long-term safety, prompting a paradigm shift toward safer, multi-targeted natural interventions. In this context, Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi), an eminent medicinal herb in Ayurvedic medicine, has emerged as a promising candidate owing to its diverse bioactive profile and broad-spectrum pharmacological activities. This review presents a comprehensive synthesis of the phytochemistry of Ocimum sanctum with a particular emphasis on its enzyme-mediated anti-inflammatory mechanisms. Tulsi contains a rich array of phytoconstituents, including eugenol, ursolic acid, rosmarinic acid, apigenin, and other flavonoids and terpenoids, which collectively orchestrate its therapeutic effects. These compounds exert potent anti-inflammatory actions by targeting key enzymatic pathways such as cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase (LOX), thereby attenuating the biosynthesis of pro-inflammatory mediators like prostaglandins and leukotrienes. Furthermore, Tulsi modulates intracellular signaling cascades, notably inhibiting nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) activation, resulting in suppressed expression of inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. Its strong antioxidant capacity further complements these effects by neutralizing reactive oxygen species and mitigating oxidative stress-induced tissue damage. Collectively, Ocimum sanctum represents a multi-mechanistic, plant-based anti-inflammatory agent with significant therapeutic promise. Future research should prioritize standardization, molecular-level validation, and well-designed clinical trials to facilitate its integration into evidence-based modern therapeutics.