Objective: The objective of this work was to design, prepare and evaluate the stability of fenoprofen calcium loaded polymeric nanoparticles with Eudragit RL100. Methods: Nine formulations (F1 to F9) were made by the solvent displacement method using 100 mg fenoprofen calcium, different quantities of Eudragit RL100 (100–300 mg) and PVA (1–3% w/v). The particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, drug loading, percentage yield and in-vitro drug release were evaluated as the qualities of formulations. Drug–excipient compatibility was evaluated by FTIR spectroscopy, particle morphology by SEM and the stability was determined under refrigerated, room temperature and accelerated conditions for a period of three months. Results: Particle size ranged from 168.54 to 265.48 nm, PDI from 0.215 to 0.302, and zeta potential from +18.62 to +30.18 mV. The efficiencies of entrapment were between 68.45% and 88.64% and drug loading ranged from 17.32% to 31.24%. Formulation F6 was selected as the optimized batch, exhibiting a particle size of 198.72 ± 3.15 nm, PDI of 0.215 ± 0.007, zeta potential of +25.83 ± 0.74 mV, entrapment efficiency of 82.16 ± 1.26%, drug loading of 20.35 ± 0.43%, and percentage yield of 83.28 ± 1.35%. Drug release reached 92.85 ± 1.35% at 24 hours. FTIR indicated that there were no significant changes in the spectra, and SEM revealed a major amount of spherical particles with some aggregation. Other conditions failed to maintain the physicochemical characteristics as well as refrigerated storage. Conclusion: The successful formulation of Eudragit RL100 nanoparticles along with the desirable overall properties and sustained release of F6 was observed. The long-term stability and pharmaceutical performance should be determined in further studies.

Gliclazide belongs to a class of drugs known as sulfonylureas, which are used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus. Due to its low water solubility and slow dissolution, however, it may also be poorly absorbed in the small intestine and may also be responsible for pharmacokinetic variability. This review assesses solid dispersion techniques used for the improvement of gliclazide dissolution and bioavailability by considering the selection of carrier, amorphization, the methods of manufacture, the characterization of the products and the in vivo–in vitro relationship. Structured literature search was done on PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar up to October 2024. After screening and eligibility, 66 references comprising of experimental studies and technical sources were included. The evidence reviewed suggests that the dissolution of gliclazide can be improved to a greater or less extent by conventional and advanced solid dispersion systems. Various hydrophilic polymers (PVP K30, copovidone and Soluplus) and surfactant-based carriers (Poloxamer 188 and Gelucire 50/13) have been studied for increasing wettability and decreasing drug crystallinity. Animal studies, mostly in rodents, show increases in relative oral exposure and decreases in Tmax, with some formulations and comparators showing greater and others less effects. Recrystallization, moisture instabilities, added tablet mass and possible change during compaction are all challenges. Solid dispersions have the potential to enhance the dissolution of gliclazide and the pharmacological activity in animals but have not been proven to be beneficial in humans. Additional studies to characterize formulation stability, manufacturing scale-up and human pharmacokinetic and clinical effects are required to validate for clinical relevance.

Damage to the optic nerve, permanent loss of visual field, and death of retinal ganglion cells are the results of glaucoma, a chronic and progressive optic neuropathy. Despite the fact that lowering IOP is the primary goal of treatment, traditional methods of administering eye medications through the skin have several drawbacks, such as low bioavailability, significant drug loss into the precorneal space, rapid post-dose IOP decline, frequent dosing, and poor patient compliance. Possible answers to these problems may lie in the novel methods for administering medications to the eye made possible by nanotechnology. Improved treatment effectiveness and drug distribution for glaucoma patients may be achieved by the use of nanotechnology, which is discussed in this paper. The potential of different types of nanocarriers, such as polymeric nanoparticles, liposomes, niosomes, nano-emulsions, nanomicelles, dendrimers, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers, nanogels, and hybrid systems, is examined and discussed in relation to drug solubility, stability, retention, penetration, and controlled release in the eye. It is addressed how prostaglandin analogues, β-blockers, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, α₂-adrenergic agonists, and ROCK inhibitors may be delivered using nanocarriers. Furthermore, nanotechnology might enable the targeted delivery of brain-protective medications to the brain, hence reducing the degeneration of retinal ganglion cells. Unfortunately, there are a few drawbacks to consider. These include issues with regulations, biocompatibility, stability of formulation, ocular toxicity, weak clinical data, and manufacturing. A patient-friendly and long-lasting drug delivery medium for glaucoma therapy can be achieved by nanotechnology, it may be concluded. More studies and clinical trials are needed to confirm the long-term efficacy, safety, and therapeutic importance of these innovative delivery systems.

Wound healing is a complex process in which inflammation, followed by tissue regeneration, and then remodeling takes place. Curcumin, a natural polyphenolic compound extracted from Curcuma longa, presents antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties which can help wound healing. However, its poor aqueous solubility, lack of stability and poor skin penetration limit its therapeutic use. To address these limitations, nanoemulsion based topical drug delivery systems are emerging as a promising alternative, with the aim to improve drug solubilisation, facilitate topical delivery and potentially improve the therapeutic performance. The formulation strategies required to prepare curcumin loaded nanoemulsions including the selection of oil phases, surfactants, co-surfactant and preparation methods is discussed in the review. It also points out some key parameters for evaluation which include globule size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, pH, drug content, in-vitro drug release, skin permeation, and stability. In addition, published preclinical studies on the wound healing ability of curcumin loaded nanoemulsions and nanoemulgels are discussed. While the findings have been promising, additional work needs to be done to determine the long-term stability, formulation safety, reproducibility and clinical efficacy. In general, the use of curcumin loaded nanoemulsions is a promising formulation approach for topical wound treatment, but needs more clinical assessment studies.